LifePak® High quality comprehensive multi-nutrient supplement
Summary LifePak is a comprehensive multivitamin/mineral/ phytonutrient supplement designed to promote general health and well-being. * LifePak addresses all common nutrient deficiencies, provides the key anti-aging nutrients that promote cellular protection and regeneration, and supports cardiovascular health, bone metabolism, insulin and blood glucose metabolism, and normal immune function. * LifePak’s antioxidant and cardiovascular benefits are supported by two double-blind clinical studies.LifePak is intended for the general adult population and comes in two packets of four capsules each, to be taken with the morning and evening meals.All individual nutrient levels in LifePak are documented as safe, and clinical studies showed no adverse effects due to LifePak supplementation. Pregnant or lactating women, or individuals with known medical conditions, should consult a physician before using dietary supplements.
What Is LifePak®? LifePak is a comprehensive dietary supplement, providing all essential vitamins and minerals, as well as antioxidant nutrients and phytonutrients, in optimum amounts to promote long-term health and general wellbeing. * LifePak is intended for healthy adults in general. Pharmanex also offers LifePak Women for premenopausal women, LifePak PreNatal for pregnant and lactating women,and LifePak Prime for men over age 40 and postmenopausal women.This publication covers regular LifePak.
Mechanism of Action As a comprehensive nutritional multi-component product, LifePak has multiple mechanisms of action, which are described below whenever appropriate.
Scientific Studies Clinical Studies The ingredients of LifePak—vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients—are supported by hundreds of welldesigned clinical studies. Many of these studies are referenced in the Health Benefits section listed further on. Unlike other multivitamin/mineral products,LifePak is also supported by two double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical studies, a 140-subject parallel design study, and a 46-subject crossover study. Both studies tested the antioxidant effects of LifePak in healthy non-smokers. In the completely randomized crossover study,1 a total of 50 healthy non-smokers were enrolled in the Evansville, Indiana area.The subjects did not take any antioxidant supplements or drugs other than the study products three months prior and during the study, and they consumed typical U.S. diets with less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day.For six weeks, twenty-five subjects received LifePak, and 25 received a placebo.After a six-week washout period, the treatments were reversed, so that each subject served as his/her own control. Blood samples were taken at the start and end of each treatment period and analyzed for serum antioxidants and LDL oxidizability. Four subjects dropped out, three of them for reasons not related to the study, and one due to mild adverse reactions to the placebo treatment. The results showed that LifePak significantly improved antioxidant status as evidenced by increased serum concentrations of ascorbic acid (from 68.1 ± 24.8 to 94.3 ± 26.4 µmol/L, p ≤ 0.001; means ± SD, n=46); β-carotene (from 335 ± 197 to 716 ± 429 nmol/L, p ≤ 0.001); α-carotene (from 77 ± 82 to 592 ± 364 nmol/L, p ≤ 0.001); and vitamin E (a-tocopherol, from 20.0 ± 8.5 to 36.9 ± 13.0 µmol/L, p ≤ 0.001), with no changes in placebo treatment. Most important,LifePak significantly decreased LDL (low-density lipoprotein) oxidizability, as the lag time was prolonged (by 17%; p ≤ 0.001), and oxidation rate was reduced (p ≤ 0.001) without changes with placebo treatment. LDL oxidizability is believed to be an important factor in cardiovascular health,because oxidized LDL tend to adhere to the inner arterial wall more than nonoxidized LDL that are protected by antioxidants. 2 This study concluded that LifePak significantly increased antioxidant status and decreased LDL oxidizability in healthy non-smokers consuming typical U.S. diets.Therefore, LifePak supplementation may have cardiovascular health benefits. * Results also confirmed the assumption that a complex antioxidant nutrient combination can be efficacious in the presence of a full spectrum of non-antioxidant nutrients in a nutritionally complete vitamin/mineral/phytonutrient supplement. A second LifePak clinical study, the 150-subject parallel design study, was conducted in the Houston, Texas area, and confirmed the results obtained from the crossover study in essentially all measurements.Antioxidant status was significantly improved and LDL oxidiz
ability ability was reduced, similar to the Evansville, Indiana study.Thus,the antioxidant and cardiovascular benefits of LifePak are supported by two independent,well-designed, double-blind clinical studies.
Health Benefits General Well-Being LifePak is formulated as a convenient dietary supplementation program addressing general health and well-being for a healthy lifestyle.As a result, LifePak supplementation offers many more health benefits than ordinary multivitamins, and all of these health benefits are important in maintaining good general well-being for life.* LifePak addresses the following important health issues: common nutrient deficiencies, anti-aging benefits, cardiovascular health, bone structure and function, insulin and blood glucose metabolism, immune function, and many others. * The following paragraphs review these health benefits.
Avoiding Common Nutrient Deficiencies Large nutrition surveys show consistently that inadequate intakes of essential vitamins and minerals are common in the United States and other industrialized countries.3–6 The Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) conducted by the U.S.Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1994–963 showed that most people do not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for essential vitamins and minerals (see Figure 1).The most common nutrient deficiencies appear to be for the antioxidant vitamins A and E, vitamin B6, the bone minerals calcium and magnesium, and the minerals iron—particularly for women— and zinc.3 A large number of other studies document common nutrient deficiencies of vitamin D,7 thiamin,8–10 riboflavin,11–14 vitamin B6,15, 16–22 folate,23–25 vitamin B12,15, 26–37 calcium,5, 38 magnesium,39–42 zinc,3,43–49 copper50–56 and chromium.55,57–64 These common deficiencies in vitamin and mineral intakes can be attributed to the consumption of unbalanced diets that are low in fruits and vegetables65, 66 and rich in energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods.67 For example, an analysis by Block et al. of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) data revealed that 41 percent of the population had no fruit on the survey day, only one fourth had a fruit or vegetable rich in vitamin A or in vitamin C, and only 10 percent consumed the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables.68 Aside from eating more balanced diets rich in fruits and vegetables, LifePak supplementation ensures meeting the RDAs for all vitamins and minerals.The amounts of vitamins and minerals included in LifePak were chosen not only to prevent vitamin and mineral deficiencies, but also to correct any pre-existing deficiencies with regular use.
Cardiovascular Health LifePak addresses many aspects of cardiovascular health.LifePak is formulated to provide the recommended amounts of the key cardiovascular nutrients, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, magnesium, and calcium.The clinical effects of LifePak supplementation on LDL oxidation—a key factor for cardiovascular health—have been reviewed in the Scientific Studies section above. Thousands of scientific studies document the beneficial effects of individual antioxidant nutrients on cardiovascular health,139 and a number of studies indicated that combinations of antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, and flavonoids are believed to be more effective than supplementation with any of these nutrients alone.1, 140–142 LifePak is such a combination.The nutrients provided by LifePak have been shown to promote healthy vascular function and to support normal blood pressure, heart function, and microcirculation. *The following paragraphs show which nutrients in LifePak contribute to these cardiovascular benefits. Vitamin E has been intensively studied, and most experts agree that daily dietary supplementation with 100 to 400 IU vitamin E has long-term cardiovascular benefits.143–145 Chan provided an excellent review of the mechanisms by which vitamin E exerts its protective effects.146 One such mechanism is improving the resistance of LDL against free-radical–induced oxidation. 2 Numerous clinical studies demonstrated that vitamin E inhibits LDL oxidation.122, 147, 148 Likewise, the study by Smidt et al. showed that LifePak significantly decreased LDL oxidation, and this decrease was correlated to the response of vitamin E blood serum levels. 1Vitamin E exerts its cardiovascular benefits also through other mechanisms, including the regulation of adhesion of blood platelets, monocytes, and T lymphocytes to the vascular endothelium, affecting endothelial fatty acid (eicosanoid) metabolism, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and platelet function.146, 149 Recent clinical studies provided evidence that vitamin E supplements can help promote normal arterial wall function and thickness.150–152 LifePak provides vitamin E derived entirely from natural sources.The natural d-α-tocopheryl acetate and d-α-tocopherol used in LifePak are about twice as bioavailable as the synthetic dl-α-tocopherol used in other leading brand multivitamins.153–156 In addition to d-αtocopherol, LifePak also provides mixed natural tocopherols and tocotrienols.The level of 300 IU of vitamin E in LifePak is many times above the RDA (22 IU) or Daily Value (30 IU) and is supported by numerous human supplementation studies that show significant health benefits at daily vitamin E intakes between 100 and 400 IU.139, 143–145, 157 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is another antioxidant nutrient with cardiovascular benefits at above-RDA amounts.158–160 This is supported by research that shows that vitamin C interacts and regenerates vitamin E in the body,161, 162 and by clinical studies that demonstrate that vitamin C supplements can inhibit LDL oxidation,125, 163 promote normal blood pressure,164–168 blood lipids,165, 169 coronary microcirculation,170 and vascular endothelial function.171–177 In addition,numerous epidemiological studies show strong associations between cardiovascular health and vitamin C intakes or blood serum levels.160, 178, 179, 179, 180, 180–182 Most human vitamin C supplementation studies used 100 to 1,000 mg per day, and pharmacokinetic studies by Levine et al. show that in healthy people blood serum concentrations plateau at dietary intakes above 200 mg per day.183, 184 Based on these studies, LifePak provides 500 mg vitamin C in the form of calcium ascorbate, a well-tolerated, non-acidic form of vitamin C. Carotenoids are a class of phytonutrients with many important nutritional and biochemical functions in mammals. Carotenoid intakes in the U.S. population are considered low, and reflect low fruit and vegetable consumption.185 Epidemiological studies suggest that high carotenoid intakes from fruits and vegetables protect against cardiovascular disease.186–188 However, the Physicians Health Study showed that 50 mg synthetic (all-trans) β-carotene taken every other day for 12 years produced no cardiovascular health benefits.189 Current scientific evidence suggests that combinations of several carotenoids rather than mega-doses of synthetic β-carotene may exert the expected protective effects.86, 186, 187, 190 Carotenoids other than β-carotene appear to have profound cardiovascular health benefits.191, 192 Lycopene helps protect LDLfrom oxidation,193, 194 and a-carotene195,196 and lutein197,198 may be protective as well. LifePak provides a balanced carotenoid combination in amounts similar to those provided by diets high in fruits and vegetables: 6 mg β-carotene, 5 mg lycopene, 2 mg a-carotene, and 2 mg lutein. Flavonoids form an important class of antioxidant phytonutrients with cardiovascular health benefits.199 It is estimated that there are over 600 different flavonoids present in foods and beverages. Large epidemiological studies suggest that dietary flavonoid intake from fruits, vegetables, tea, grape juice, and red wine is positively associated with cardiovascular health.200–205 Green tea catechins have been shown to decrease LDL oxidizability and total cholesterol.206–210 Grape seed proanthocyanidins may support the resistance of LDL against oxidation.211 Soy isoflavones may promote normal blood lipids,vascular function, and LDL resistance to oxidation.212–219 Some research also supports that different flavonoids may have synergistic effects when combined.220 Estimates of average daily flavonoid consumption in industrialized nations vary from 20 to 100 mg per day.221–223 LifePak provides an additional 175 mg of flavonoids from five standardized botanical extracts that all have been extensively researched: 90 mg green tea catechins, 25 mg quercetin, 25 mg citrus bioflavonoids (hesperidin, naringenin), 25 mg grape seed proanthocyanidins and polyphenols, and 10 mg soy isoflavones (genistein, diadzein). The B-vitamins,B 6,B12, and folic acid, are necessary to maintain normal, low blood levels of homocysteine. Homocysteine is an amino acid derived from methionine metabolism that can adversely affect lipid deposition and inflammation of the vascular wall.224,225 Many studies have established homocysteine as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.226–230 Current estimates are that about 10–15% of individuals are genetically predisposed to have high blood homocysteine.231 Independently of its role in homocysteine metabolism, vitamin B6 appears to have other benefits for cardiovascular health as well.232 Supplementation studies showed that primarily folic acid, but also vitamins B6 and B12,promote normal, low homocysteine levels.233 Initially, pharmacological doses of folic acid,e.g.,1–5 mg/day,were used to lower homocysteine serum levels.234 However, recent studies showed that as little as 200 µg/day folic acid is effective.233, 235–237 LifePak provides 600 µg/day folic acid, 10 mg/day vitamin B6 and 30 µg/day vitamin B12; these levels are well within clinically effective doses to promote normal homocysteine levels. * Magnesium deficiency is very common and characterized by cardiovascular symptoms.73, 238 Magnesium influences many mechanical, electrical, and structural functions of cardiac and vascular cells, and small changes in blood or cellular magnesium levels may have significant effects on cardiac excitability and on vascular tone, contractility, and reactivity.This explains why magnesium is important in the physiological regulation of blood pressure.239 A number of clinical studies support that supplemental magnesium can help promote normal blood pressure,239–243 while some studies showed no effect.244, 245 Magnesium may also be important in regulating thrombosis246 and heart rhythm.247, 248 Calcium deficiency is a widespread problem with cardiovascular health implications.Adequate dietary calcium intake appears to be an important factor in promoting normal blood pressure,249, 250 and this relationship has been sufficiently confirmed by clinical studies251–253 and a recent meta-analysis of clinical calcium supplementation trials.254 The generous amounts of calcium (500 mg/day) and magnesium (250 mg/day) in LifePak ensure meeting the RDAs in conjunction with typical U.S. diets that are often low in these two minerals….
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